Types of Water Treatment in Industry: Methods, Applications, and Best Practices

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Types of Water Treatment in Industry: Methods, Applications, and Best Practices

Introduction: The Need for Water Treatment in Industry

Water is an essential input across industrial processes, including food and beverage manufacturing, chemical plants, pharma, and textiles. However, the source and quality of water vary widely, necessitating treatment methods to make it suitable for:

Product quality and safety
Equipment longevity
Regulatory compliance
Environmental protection

A food processing consultant ensures that water used in production meets FSSAI, BIS, and ISO 22000 standards for purity and safety.

1. Sources of Water in Industry

2. Water Analysis Parameters

Before selecting a treatment method, water must be analyzed for:

Physical Parameters:

Color, turbidity, temperature, odor

Chemical Parameters:

pH, hardness, alkalinity, iron, manganese, chlorides, nitrates

Microbiological Parameters:

Total plate count, E. coli, coliforms, viruses

Sediment and Toxicity:

Particle size distribution, bioassays for aquatic toxicity

3. Water Treatment Methods in Industry

Filtration

Sand Filtration: Removes suspended solids and sediments
Activated Carbon Filtration: Adsorbs chlorine, VOCs, and organic impurities

Coagulation & Flocculation

Alum or Ferric chloride destabilize particles
Flocculation aggregates fine particles for easy removal

Sedimentation

Gravity-based settling in clarification tanks

Disinfection

Chlorination: Broad-spectrum pathogen removal
UV Disinfection: Chemical-free, destroys microbial DNA

Membrane Technologies

Reverse Osmosis (RO): Removes dissolved salts, heavy metals, and pathogens
Ultrafiltration (UF): Removes suspended solids and bacteria

Ion Exchange

Water Softening: Removes calcium/magnesium
Selective Removal: For arsenic, nitrates, fluoride, etc.

Desalination

RO or multi-effect distillation (MED) for seawater purification

Oxidation Methods

Ozonation: Oxidizes organic matter and microorganisms
Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs):
UV + H₂O₂
Ozone + UV
UV + titanium dioxide
Ideal for pharmaceutical and food industry wastewater

Applications of Treated Water in Industry

A food industry consultant designs custom water treatment protocols based on usage type and regulatory norms.

Benefits of Effective Water Treatment

Prevents product contamination
Improves process efficiency
Extends equipment life by preventing scaling and corrosion
Reduces environmental footprint via reuse and recycling
Supports audit readiness for ISO 14001, FSSAI, GFSI certifications

Conclusion: Clean Water is Critical to Clean Industry

Water treatment is not one-size-fits-all. It requires:

Understanding of source water quality
Targeted multi-stage treatment systems
Ongoing monitoring and maintenance

A qualified food processing or industrial consultant helps with:

Treatment plant design
Selection of membranes, chemicals, and filtration systems
Compliance documentation and SOPs
Cost-effective upgrades to aging systems

PMG Engineering Private Limited The End-to-End Engineering Company in Food Industry info@pmg.engineering |www.pmg.engineering Types of Water Treatment in industry Build World-Class Food Factories Build World-Class Food Factories PMG Engineering Private Limited The End-to-End Engineering Company in Food Industry info@pmg.engineering |www.pmg.engineering Contents # 1 2 Source of water Analysis of water Description 3 Water Treatment Methods Page 3-5 6-12 13-16 Build World-Class Food Factories Build World-Class Food Factories PMG Engineering Private Limited The End-to-End Engineering Company in Food Industry info@pmg.engineering |www.pmg.engineering 1. Introduction ▪ ▪ ‘Source of water’ refers to the origin or location from which water is obtained. It can be various natural or artificial sources where water is found and extracted for human use, consumption, or industrial processes. • The choice of water source depends on factors such as availability, quality, accessibility, cost and environmental sustainability. • It is essential to manage and protect water sources to ensure adequate supplies for current and future generations while minimizing adverse environmental impacts. Build World-Class Food Factories PMG Engineering Private Limited The End-to-End Engineering Company in Food Industry info@pmg.engineering |www.pmg.engineering 1.1 Source of water 1. Surface Water: • Water found in the natural water bodies such as rivers, lakes, streams, and reservoirs. • Often used as a source of drinking water, irrigation, recreation, and industrial purposes. 2. Groundwater: • Water found beneath the Earth's surface in underground aquifers, rock formations, and soil layers. • It is accessed through wells and boreholes and is used for drinking water supplies, agriculture, industrial processes, and groundwater recharge Surface water Ground water Build World-Class Food Factories PMG Engineering Private Limited The End-to-End Engineering Company in Food Industry info@pmg.engineering |www.pmg.engineering 1.1 Source of water 3. Rainwater: • Precipitation that falls from the atmosphere in the form of rain. • It landscaping, non-potable uses, and groundwater recharge. can be collected and stored for various purposes such as irrigation, 4. Spring Water: • Groundwater naturally emerges from the Earth's surface in the form of springs. • often considered clean and mineral-rich and is bottled for drinking purposes. Spring water Rainwater Build World-Class Food Factories PMG Engineering Private Limited The End-to-End Engineering Company in Food Industry info@pmg.engineering |www.pmg.engineering 1.1 Source of water 5. Desalinated Water: • By removing salt and other impurities from seawater or brackish water through desalination processes such as reverse osmosis or distillation. • Used to supplement freshwater supplies in regions facing water scarcity or for industrial purposes. 6. Recycled Water: • Also known as reclaimed water or wastewater, is treated sewage or wastewater. • Undergone purification processes to remove contaminants and pathogens. • Used for irrigation, landscape irrigation, industrial processes, and groundwater recharge with certain groundwater legal approvals. Desalinated water Recycled water Build World-Class Food Factories PMG Engineering Private Limited The End-to-End Engineering Company in Food Industry info@pmg.engineering |www.pmg.engineering 1. Source of water 7. Glacial Water: Glacial water is water sourced from glaciers and ice caps in polar regions and mountainous areas. Glacial water is often considered to be pure and mineral-rich and is used for drinking purposes and bottling. 8. Melted water: Meltwater is water derived from snow and ice melting. Meltwater is an important source of freshwater for rivers, lakes, and groundwater recharge, especially in regions with seasonal snow and ice cover. Glacier water Melted water Build World-Class Food Factories PMG Engineering Private Limited The End-to-End Engineering Company in Food Industry info@pmg.engineering |www.pmg.engineering 2. Analysis of water # 1 2 Description Physical Characteristics Chemical Parameters 3 Microbiological Parameters 4 5 Sediment Analysis Toxicity Testing Build World-Class Food Factories PMG Engineering Private Limited The End-to-End Engineering Company in Food Industry info@pmg.engineering |www.pmg.engineering 2.1 Physical Characteristics # 1 Characteristics Description Temperature Provides insights into seasonal variations, thermal pollution, and habitat suitability for aquatic organisms 2 Turbidity 1. Measures the clarity of water indicates the presence of suspended particles 2. 3. High turbidity levels can impair aquatic ecosystems and affect water treatment processes 3 Color Helps identify natural and anthropogenic sources of contamination in surface water Build World-Class Food Factories PMG Engineering Private Limited The End-to-End Engineering Company in Food Industry info@pmg.engineering |www.pmg.engineering 2.2 Chemical Parameters # 1 2 Parameters Description pH Assess the acidity or alkalinity of water, which impacts aquatic life, chemical reactions, and corrosion potentialhabitat suitability for aquatic organisms Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Analysing nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus helps assess eutrophication potential and identify sources of nutrient pollution. 3 Nutrients Helps identify natural and anthropogenic sources of contamination in surface water 4. Heavy Metals Monitoring heavy metals such as lead, mercury, arsenic, and cadmium helps detect pollution from industrial discharges, mining activities, and urban runoff 5. Pesticides and Herbicides Helps in assessment of contamination from agricultural runoff and pesticide applications. Build World-Class Food Factories PMG Engineering Private Limited The End-to-End Engineering Company in Food Industry info@pmg.engineering |www.pmg.engineering 2.2 Chemical Parameters (Cont.) # 6 Parameters Description Organic Compounds 1. Including volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 2. Helps in identifying pollution from industrial discharges, urban runoff, and wastewater treatment plants. 7 Chlorine Residual Chlorine residual analysis assesses disinfection levels in surface water treated for drinking purposes 8 Oil and Grease Testing for oil and grease contamination helps identify pollution from oil spills, industrial discharges, and urban runoff. Build World-Class Food Factories PMG Engineering Private Limited The End-to-End Engineering Company in Food Industry info@pmg.engineering |www.pmg.engineering 2.3 Microbiological Parameters # 1 2 Parameters Total Coliforms and Escherichia coli (E. coli) Description Microbiological analysis assesses faecal contamination and the risk of waterborne diseases Faecal Streptococci •Monitoring faecal streptococci levels helps assess water quality and faecal contamination Build World-Class Food Factories PMG Engineering Private Limited The End-to-End Engineering Company in Food Industry info@pmg.engineering |www.pmg.engineering 2.4 Sediment Analysis • • Sediment Composition: Analysing sediment composition provides insights into sedimentation rates, erosion processes, and potential pollutant transport. Particle Size Distribution: Particle size analysis helps assess sediment characteristics and transport dynamics in surface water bodies. Build World-Class Food Factories PMG Engineering Private Limited The End-to-End Engineering Company in Food Industry info@pmg.engineering |www.pmg.engineering 2.4 Toxicity Testing • • Bioassays: Toxicity testing using bioassays helps evaluate the impact of pollutants on aquatic organisms and assess overall water quality. Regular monitoring and analysis of water parameters are essential for managing water resources, protecting ecosystems, and safeguarding human health. The selection of analysis parameters depends on factors such as regulatory requirements, environmental concerns, land use activities, and water management objectives. Build World-Class Food Factories PMG Engineering Private Limited The End-to-End Engineering Company in Food Industry info@pmg.engineering |www.pmg.engineering 3. Water treatment method Water treatment methods are used to improve the quality of water for various purposes, including drinking, industrial processes, irrigation, and environmental protection. Different treatment methods are applied based on the source water quality, intended use, regulatory requirements, and specific contaminants present. Here are some common water treatment methods: 1. Filtration: a. Sand Filtration: Sand filters are used to remove suspended solids, sediment, and larger particles from water by passing it through layers of sand or other media. b. Activated Carbon Filtration: Activated carbon filters adsorb organic compounds, chlorine, taste, and odor compounds from water, improving its taste and odor. Build World-Class Food Factories PMG Engineering Private Limited The End-to-End Engineering Company in Food Industry info@pmg.engineering |www.pmg.engineering 3. Water treatment method (Cont.) 2. Coagulation and Flocculation: a. Chemical Coagulation: Chemical coagulants such as aluminum sulfate (alum) and ferric chloride are added to water to destabilize suspended particles, facilitating their removal by settling or filtration. b. Flocculation: Flocculation the aggregation of destabilized particles into larger flocs, which can be more easily removed through sedimentation or filtration involves gentle mixing to promote Build World-Class Food Factories 16 PMG Engineering Private Limited The End-to-End Engineering Company in Food Industry info@pmg.engineering |www.pmg.engineering 3. Water treatment method (Cont.) 1. Sedimentation: a. Clarification: Clarification tanks allow suspended particles and flocs to settle under gravity, resulting in clearer water that can be separated from the settled solids. 2. Disinfection: a. Chlorination: Chlorine is commonly used for disinfection to kill bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens in water. It is added as chlorine gas, sodium hypochlorite, or calcium hypochlorite. b. UV Disinfection: Ultraviolet (UV) light is used to disinfect water by damaging the DNA of microorganisms, rendering them unable to reproduce. Build World-Class Food Factories PMG Engineering Private Limited The End-to-End Engineering Company in Food Industry info@pmg.engineering |www.pmg.engineering 3. Water treatment method (Cont.) 3. Membrane Processes: a. Reverse Osmosis (RO): RO systems use semi-permeable membranes to remove dissolved solids, salts, and contaminants from water, producing high-quality treated water. b. Ultrafiltration (UF): UF membranes remove suspended solids, bacteria, and some viruses from water by size exclusion. 18 Build World-Class Food Factories PMG Engineering Private Limited The End-to-End Engineering Company in Food Industry info@pmg.engineering |www.pmg.engineering 3. Water treatment method (Cont.) 4. Ion Exchange: a. Water Softening: Ion exchange resins are used to remove calcium and magnesium ions from water, reducing hardness and preventing scale buildup in plumbing and appliances. 5. Adsorption: a. Ion Exchange: Ion exchange resins can also be used to remove specific ions such as nitrates, arsenic, and heavy metals from water. b. Activated Carbon: Activated carbon adsorbs organic compounds, VOCs, and certain chemicals from water, improving its quality and taste. 6. Desalination: a. Reverse Osmosis: RO is commonly used for desalination to remove salts and minerals from seawater or brackish water, producing freshwater suitable for drinking and irrigation. Build World-Class Food Factories PMG Engineering Private Limited The End-to-End Engineering Company in Food Industry info@pmg.engineering |www.pmg.engineering 3. Water treatment method (Cont.) Reverse Osmosis (RO) Ultrafiltration (UF) Ion Exchange Ozonation 20 Build World-Class Food Factories PMG Engineering Private Limited The End-to-End Engineering Company in Food Industry info@pmg.engineering |www.pmg.engineering 3. Water treatment method (Cont.) 7. Oxidation: a. Ozonation: Ozone is a powerful oxidizing agent used to oxidize and destroy in water, organic compounds, microorganisms, and contaminants improving its quality and safety. 8. Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs): • AOPs such as ozone/hydrogen peroxide, UV/hydrogen peroxide, and ozone/UV processes are used to remove persistent organic pollutants and emerging contaminants from water through oxidative reactions. These are just some of many water treatment method available. The selection and combination of treatment method depends on specific water quality issues, treatment goals, cost consideration and regulatory requirement for each application. Proper treatment and water management resources are essential for ensuring public health, environmental protection and sustainable development. Build World-Class Food Factories PMG Engineering Private Limited The End-to-End Engineering Company in Food Industry info@pmg.engineering |www.pmg.engineering Our Clients Build World-Class Food Factories Build World-Class Food Factories # We deliver End-to-End Engineering Design and Construction Management Projects in Food and Beverage Industry. Meeting Global Benchmarks In ENGINEERING DESIGN and PROJECT MANAGEMENT for FOOD and BEVERAGE Industry with SINGLE POINT ACCOUNTABILITY Process Engineering | Project Management | Mechanical | Electrical | Automation | Food Safety Key Clients We deliver End-to-End Engineering Design and Construction Management Projects in Food and Beverage Industry. Meeting Global Benchmarks In ENGINEERING DESIGN and PROJECT MANAGEMENT for FOOD and BEVERAGE Industry with SINGLE POINT ACCOUNTABILITY Process Engineering | Project Management | Mechanical | Electrical | Automation | Food Safety Key Clients We deliver End-to-End Engineering Design and Construction Management Projects in Food and Beverage Industry. Meeting Global Benchmarks In ENGINEERING DESIGN and PROJECT MANAGEMENT for FOOD and BEVERAGE Industry with SINGLE POINT ACCOUNTABILITY Process Engineering | Project Management | Mechanical | Electrical | Automation | Food Safety Key Clients

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