Introduction to Food Fortification
Food fortification is a proven public health strategy with a rich history. It originated in response to widespread nutrient deficiencies. For example, in 1924, iodine was added to salt to prevent goiter. By 1998, folic acid fortification in flour and baked goods helped drastically reduce neural tube defects in infants. Likewise, vitamin D fortification in milk started in the early 1900s to combat rickets. As a food processing consultant or food industry consultant, understanding the science and strategy of food fortification is crucial to advising food manufacturers and ensuring compliance with regulatory norms.
What Is Food Fortification?
Food fortification is the addition of essential nutrients to food, regardless of whether they were present initially. The goal is to improve the nutritional quality of the population’s diet and to reduce or prevent nutrient deficiencies.
How to Identify Fortified Foods?
In India, fortified foods are labeled with the ‘+F’ logo, as per FSSAI guidelines. This helps consumers make informed dietary choices and supports public awareness.
Fortification vs. Enrichment: What’s the Difference?
While often used interchangeably, these terms have distinct meanings:
- Fortification: Adding nutrients not originally present in the food
- E.g., Adding vitamin D to milk
- Enrichment: Restoring nutrients lost during processing
- E.g., Adding B-vitamins back to refined wheat flour
Objectives of Food Fortification
- Improve nutritional quality of staple foods
- Reduce the risk of nutritional disorders
- Support health and body development
Choosing a Suitable Food for Fortification
The vehicle food selected for fortification must meet the following criteria:
- Commonly consumed by the target population
- Maintains original taste, texture, and appearance
- Cost-effective and widely available (e.g., staple foods)
- Ensures nutrient stability during storage and distribution
Types of Food Fortification
1. Biofortification
Biofortification enhances nutrient levels in crops via genetic modification, selective breeding, or mineral-rich fertilizers. It's a sustainable and long-term strategy for improving food nutrition from the source.
2. Home Fortification
Involves using micronutrient powders at the household level. These are added directly to ready-to-eat food items, such as milk, curd, or porridge, providing a simple, flexible solution.
3. Industrial Fortification
This is the most common approach for food processing consultants and manufacturing consultants, especially in large-scale operations. It includes:
a) Wheat Fortification
Micronutrients are added during the milling process using feeders like:
- Screw feeder
- Revolving disk feeder
- Drum pipe feeder
b) Rice Fortification
A more complex process using technologies like:
- Hot extrusion (70–110°C)
- Cold extrusion (below 70°C)
- Coating or dusting
c) Oil Fortification
Micronutrients (mainly vitamin A and D) are added to edible oil, helping meet 25–30% of recommended dietary intake as per FSSAI.
Why Fortification Is Essential for the Food Industry
Food fortification is:
- Cost-effective and efficient for food manufacturers
- Scalable via food supply chains
- Requires no change in consumer eating habits
- A powerful tool to enhance public health, especially in urban and high-density populations
Conclusion
Food fortification bridges the gap between public health and food processing. It’s an essential part of modern food manufacturing and a responsibility shared by food consultants, processing experts, and regulatory bodies. Implemented correctly, it has the power to transform diets, improve health, and build a stronger food system.
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